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English number words include numerals and various words derived from them, as well as a large number of words borrowed from other languages. ==Cardinal numbers== Cardinal numbers refer to the size of a group. In English, these words are numerals. If a number is in the range 21 to 99, and the second digit is not zero, one typically writes the number as two words separated by a hyphen. In English, the hundreds are perfectly regular, except that the word ''hundred'' remains in its singular form regardless of the number preceding it. So too are the thousands, with the number of thousands followed by the word "thousand" In American usage, four-digit numbers with non-zero hundreds are often named using multiples of "hundred" and combined with tens and ones: "One thousand one", "Eleven hundred three", "Twelve hundred twenty-five", "Four thousand forty-two", or "Ninety-nine hundred ninety-nine." In British usage, this style is common for multiples of 100 between 1,000 and 2,000 (e.g. 1,500 as "fifteen hundred") but not for higher numbers. Americans may pronounce four-digit numbers with non-zero tens and ones as pairs of two-digit numbers without saying "hundred" and inserting "oh" for zero tens: "twenty-six fifty-nine" or "forty-one oh five". This usage probably evolved from the distinctive usage for years; "nineteen-eighty-one", or from four-digit numbers used in the American telephone numbering system which were originally two letters followed by a number followed by a four-digit number, later by a three-digit number followed by the four-digit number. It is avoided for numbers less than 2500 if the context may mean confusion with time of day: "ten ten" or "twelve oh four". Intermediate numbers are read differently depending on their use. Their typical naming occurs when the numbers are used for counting. Another way is for when they are used as labels. The second column method is used much more often in American English than British English. The third column is used in British English but rarely in American English (although the use of the second and third columns is not necessarily directly interchangeable between the two regional variants). In other words, British English and American English can seemingly agree, but it depends on a specific situation (in this example, bus numbers). Note: When writing a cheque (or ''check''), the number 100 is always written "one hundred". It is never "a hundred". In American English, many students are taught not to use the word and anywhere in the whole part of a number, so it is not used before the tens and ones. It is instead used as a verbal delimiter when dealing with compound numbers. Thus, instead of "three hundred and seventy-three", one would say "three hundred seventy-three". For details, see American and British English differences. For numbers above a million, there are two different systems for naming numbers in English (for the use of prefixes such as kilo- for a thousand, mega- for a million, milli- for a thousandth, etc. see SI units): *the long scale (decreasingly used in British English) designates a system of numeric names in which a thousand million is called a ‘‘milliard’’ (but the latter usage is now rare), and ‘‘billion’’ is used for a million million. *the short scale (always used in American English and increasingly in British English) designates a system of numeric names in which a thousand million is called a ‘‘billion’’, and the word ‘‘milliard’’ is not used. The numbers past a trillion in short scale system, in ascending powers of ten, are as follows: quadrillion, quintillion, sextillion, septillion, octillion, nonillion, decillion, undecillion, duodecillion, tredecillion, quattuordecillion, and quindecillion (that's 10 to the 48th, or a one followed by 48 zeros). The highest number listed on Robert Munafo's table,〔(MROB )〕 is a milli-millillion. That's 10 to the 3000003rd. The googolplex has often been nominated as the largest named number in the world. If a googol is ten to the one hundredth, then a googolplex is one followed by a googol of zeroes.〔(Yahoo! )〕 Although British English has traditionally followed the long-scale numbering system, the short-scale usage has become increasingly common in recent years. For example, the UK Government and BBC websites use the newer short-scale values exclusively. The terms ''arab'', ''kharab'', ''padm'' and ''shankh'' are more commonly found in old sections of Indian Mathematics. Here are some approximate composite large numbers in American English: Often, large numbers are written with (preferably non-breaking) half-spaces or thin spaces separating the thousands (and, sometimes, with normal spaces or apostrophes) instead of commas—to ensure that confusion is not caused in countries where a decimal comma is used. Thus, a million is often written (unicode:1 000 000). In some areas, a point (. or ·) may also be used as a thousands' separator, but then, the decimal separator must be a comma. ==Specialized numbers== A few numbers have special names (in addition to their regular names): * 0: has several other names, depending on context: * * ''zero:'' formal scientific usage * * ''naught / nought:'' mostly British usage * * ''aught:'' Mostly archaic but still occasionally used when a digit in mid-number is 0 (as in "thirty-aught-six", the .30-06 Springfield rifle cartridge and by association guns that fire it) * * ''oh:'' used when spelling numbers (like telephone, bank account, bus line (bus route )) * * ''nil:'' in general sport scores, British usage (''"The score is two–nil."'') * * ''nothing:'' in general sport scores, American usage (''"The score is two–nothing."'') * * ''null:'' used technically to refer to an object or idea related to nothingness. The 0th aleph number () is pronounced "aleph-null". * * ''love:'' in tennis, badminton, squash and similar sports (origin disputed, often said to come from French ''l'œuf'', "egg"; but the Oxford English Dictionary mentions the phrase ''for love'', meaning nothing is at risk) * * ''zilch, nada ''(from Spanish)'', zip:'' used informally when stressing nothingness; this is true especially in combination with one another (''"You know nothing—zero, zip, nada, zilch!"''); American usage * * ''nix:'' also used as a verb; mostly American usage * * ''cypher / cipher:'' archaic, from French ''chiffre'', in turn from Arabic ''sifr'', meaning zero * * ''goose egg'' (informal) * * ''duck'' (used in cricket when a batsman is dismissed without scoring) * * ''blank'' the half of a domino tile with no pips *1: * * ''ace'' in certain sports and games, as in tennis or golf, indicating success with one stroke, and the face of a die, playing card or domino half with one pip * * ''birdie'' in golf denotes one stroke less than par, and ''bogey'', one stroke more than par * * ''solo'' * * ''unit'' * * ''linear'' the degree of a polynomial is 1; also for explicitly denoting the first power of a unit: ''linear meter'' * * ''unity'' in mathematics * * ''protagonist'' first actor in theater of Ancient Greece *2: * * ''couple'' * * ''brace'', from Old French "arms" (the plural of arm), as in "what can be held in two arms". * * ''pair'' * * ''deuce'' the face of a die, playing card or domino half with two pips * * ''eagle'' in golf denotes two strokes less than par * * ''duo'' * * ''quadratic'' the degree of a polynomial is 2 * * * also ''square'' or ''squared'' for denoting the second power of a unit: ''square meter'' or ''meter squared'' * * ''penutimate'', second from the end * * ''deuteragonist'' second actor in theater of Ancient Greece *3: * * ''trey'' the face of a die or playing card with three pips, a three-point field goal in basketball, nickname for the third carrier of the same personal name in a family * * ''trio'' * * ''trips:'' three-of-a-kind in a poker hand. a player has three cards with the same numerical value * * ''cubic'' the degree of a polynomial is 3 * * * also ''cube'' or ''cubed'' for denoting the third power of a unit: ''cubic meter'' or ''meter cubed'' * * ''albatross'' in golf denotes three strokes less than par. Sometimes called ''double eagle'' * * ''hat-trick'' or ''hat trick'': achievement of three feats in sport or other contexts * * ''antepenultimate'' third from the end * * ''tritagonist'' third actor in theater of Ancient Greece *4: * * ''cater:'' (rare) the face of a die or playing card with four pips * * ''quartet'' * * ''quartic'' or ''biquadratic'' the degree of a polynomial is 4 * * ''quad'' (short for ''quadruple'' or the like) several specialized sets of four, such as four of a kind in poker, a carburetor with four inputs, etc., * * ''condor'' in golf denotes four strokes less than par * * ''preantepenultimate'' fourth from the end *5: * * ''cinque:'' (rare) the face of a die or playing card with five pips * * ''quintet'' * * ''nickel'' (informal American, from the value of the five-cent US nickel, but applied in non-monetary references) * * ''quintic'' the degree of a polynomial is 5 * * ''quint'' (short for ''quintuplet'' or the like) several specialized sets of five, such as quintuplets, etc. *6: * * ''half a dozen'' * * ''sice:'' (rare) the face of a die or playing card with six pips * * ''sextet'' * * ''sextic'' or ''hectic'' the degree of a polynomial is 6 *7: * * ''septet'' * * ''septic'' or ''heptic'' the degree of a polynomial is 7 *8: * * ''octet'' *9: * * ''nonet'' *10: * * a metric dozen * * ''dime'' (informal American, from the value of the ten-cent US dime, but applied in non-monetary references) * * ''decet'' * *decade, used for years but also other groups of 10 as in rosary prayers or Braille symbols * 11: a banker's dozen * 12: a dozen (first power of the duodecimal base), used mostly in commerce * 13: a baker's dozen * 20: a score (first power of the vigesimal base), nowadays archaic; famously used in the opening of the Gettysburg Address: ''"Four score and seven years ago..."'' The Number of the Beast in the King James Bible is rendered "Six hundred threescore and six". Also in The Book of Common Prayer, Psalm 90 as used in the Burial Service - "The days of our age are threescore years and ten; ...." *50: half a century, literally half of a hundred, usually used in cricket scores. Normally referred to as a 'half-century' without the 'a'. *60: a ''shock'': historical commercial count, described as "three scores". *100: * *A century, also used in cricket scores and in cycling for 100 miles. * *A ton, in Commonwealth English, the speed of 100 mph〔http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ton?s=t〕 or 100 km/h. * *A ''small hundred'' or ''short hundred'' (for which see 120 below) * *Teenty (as 10 × 10) *110: eleventy (as 11 × 10) *120: * *A great hundred or long hundred (twelve tens; as opposed to the ''small hundred'', i.e. 100 or ten tens), also called small gross (ten dozens), both archaic * *Also sometimes referred to as ''duodecimal hundred'', although that could literally also mean 144, which is twelve squared * *Twelfty or twelvety (as 12 × 10) * 144: a gross (a dozen dozens, second power of the duodecimal base), used mostly in commerce * 1000: * *a grand, colloquially used especially when referring to money, also in fractions and multiples, e.g. half a grand, two grand, etc. Grand can also be shortened to "G" in many cases. * *K, originally from the abbreviation of kilo-, e.g. "He only makes $20K a year." * 1728: a great gross (a dozen gross, third power of the duodecimal base), used mostly in commerce * 10,000: a myriad (a hundred hundred), commonly used in the sense of an indefinite very high number * 100,000: a lakh (a hundred thousand), loanword used mainly in Indian English * 10,000,000: a crore (a hundred lakh), loanword used mainly in Indian English * 10100: googol (1 followed by 100 zeros), used in mathematics; not to be confused with the name of the company Google (which was originally a misspelling of ''googol'') * 10googol: googolplex (1 followed by a googol of zeros) * 10googolplex: googolplexplex (1 followed by a googolplex of zeros) Combinations of numbers in most sports scores are read as in the following examples: * 1–0 British English: ''one-nil''; American English: ''one-nothing'', ''one-zip'', or ''one-zero'' * 0–0 British English: ''nil-nil'', or more rarely ''nil all''; American English: ''zero-zero'' or ''nothing-nothing'', (occasionally ''scoreless'' or ''no score'') * 2–2 ''two-two'' or ''two all''; American English also ''twos'', ''two to two'', ''even at two'', or ''two up''. Naming conventions of Tennis scores (and related sports) are different from other sports. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「English numerals」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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